At the COP27 conference in Egypt, leaders from nations rich and poor will face off over the highly contested notion of climate reparations. Namely, should industrialized nations be financially responsible for environmental catastrophes incurred by developing nations that scientists have linked to climate change?
Heating Up
Despite smaller, poorer countries producing relatively little pollution, scientists say they often suffer the most damage from climate change. Over the summer, huge tidal waves swept across Bangladesh's coastal areas, putting countless salt farmers and fishermen out of work. In Egypt, relentless heat waves are decimating crops, and last year the nation's mango yields dropped a disastrous 85%.
Even though the topic was broached in the '90s, this is the first time losses and damages will be discussed at the UN's climate conference. Calculating those costs won't be easy, however. It's simple to value buildings destroyed in a flood, but how do you put a dollar sign on ancient burial sites washed away by rising sea levels or the impact of a Dengue outbreak in the Philippines after Typhoon Rai in 2021?
- Last year, wealthy nations vowed to provide $40 billion per year by 2025 to help poorer countries with measures like building flood defenses. But a UN report estimates that's less than one-fifth of what's needed. "Wealthier countries bear a moral responsibility," UN Secretary-General António Guterres recently said while addressing vast flooding in Pakistan. "Let's not forget that 80% of emissions driving this type of climate destruction are from the G20."
- Richer countries have opposed a loss and damage fund in the past as many policymakers fear accepting responsibility would lead to an endless series of lawsuits from developing nations. Plus, they question how the UN will determine what's a man-made, climate change catastrophe and what's just a natural disaster.
"At the rate we're going, a couple of countries have the ability to eclipse our historical emissions," US climate envoy John Kerry said last month. "So yeah, we burned coal and we did this. But guess who else burned coal? Every single one of those other countries. Are they absolved?"
But What About China? The US is on board with at least discussing a loss and damage fund, but only if China, which emits more than 10 billion metric tons of CO2 into the atmosphere each year, antes up, too. The Middle Kingdom's envoy Xie Zhenhua suggested China was in favor of a loss and damage fund: "I hope the conference this time will meet the demands of developing countries as much as possible." Nice guy Denmark already set aside $13 million in a loss and damage aid last month, a minuscule amount but you've got to start somewhere.
